Multi-Pollutant Emissions Standards for Model Years 2027 and Later Light-Duty and Medium-Duty Vehicles

<RULE> ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY <CFR>40 CFR Parts 85, 86, 600, 1036, 1037, 1066, and 1068</CFR> <DEPDOC>[EPA-HQ-OAR-2022-0829; FRL-8953-04-OAR]</DEPDOC> <RIN>RIN 2060-AV49</RIN> <SUBJECT>Multi-Pollutant Emissions Standards for Model Years 2027 and Later Light-Duty and Medium-Duty Vehicles</SUBJECT> <HD SOURCE="HED">AGENCY:</HD> Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). <HD SOURCE="HED">ACTION:</HD> Final rule. <SUM> <HD SOURCE="HED">SUMMARY:</HD> Under the Clean Air Act, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is establishing new, more protective emissions standards for criteria pollutants and greenhouse gases (GHG) for light-duty vehicles and Class 2b and 3 (“medium-duty”) vehicles that will phase-in over model years 2027 through 2032. In addition, EPA is finalizing GHG program revisions in several areas, including off-cycle and air conditioning credits, the treatment of upstream emissions associated with zero-emission vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in compliance calculations, medium-duty vehicle incentive multipliers, and vehicle certification and compliance. EPA is also establishing new standards to control refueling emissions from incomplete medium-duty vehicles, and battery durability and warranty requirements for light-duty and medium-duty electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. EPA is also finalizing minor amendments to update program requirements related to aftermarket fuel conversions, importing vehicles and engines, evaporative emission test procedures, and test fuel specifications for measuring fuel economy. </SUM> <EFFDATE> <HD SOURCE="HED">DATES:</HD> This final rule is effective on June 17, 2024. The incorporation by reference of certain publications listed in this regulation is approved by the Director of the Federal Register beginning June 17, 2024. The incorporation by reference of certain publications listed in this regulation is approved by the Director of the Federal Register as of March 27, 2023. </EFFDATE> <HD SOURCE="HED">ADDRESSES:</HD> EPA has established a docket for this action under Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2022-0829. All documents in the docket are listed on the <E T="03">https://www.regulations.gov</E> website. Although listed in the index, some information is not publicly available, <E T="03">e.g.,</E> CBI or other information whose disclosure is restricted by statute. Certain other material, such as copyrighted material, is not placed on the internet and will be publicly available only in hard copy form. Publicly available docket materials are available electronically through <E T="03">https://www.regulations.gov</E> . <FURINF> <HD SOURCE="HED">FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:</HD> Michael Safoutin, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, Assessment and Standards Division (ASD), Environmental Protection Agency, 2000 Traverwood Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48105; telephone number: (734) 214-4348; email address: <E T="03">safoutin.mike@epa.gov</E> . </FURINF> <SUPLINF> <HD SOURCE="HED">SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:</HD> <HD SOURCE="HD1">A. Does this action apply to me?</HD> Entities potentially affected by this rule include light-duty vehicle manufacturers, independent commercial importers, alternative fuel converters, and manufacturers and converters of medium-duty vehicles ( <E T="03">i.e.,</E> vehicles between 8,501 and 14,000 pounds gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR)). Potentially affected categories and entities include: <GPOTABLE COLS="3" OPTS="L2,tp0,i1" CDEF="s50,15,r200"> <TTITLE> </TTITLE> <CHED H="1">Category</CHED> <CHED H="1"> NAICS codes  <SU>a</SU> </CHED> <CHED H="1">Examples of potentially affected entities</CHED> <ROW> <ENT I="01">Industry</ENT> <ENT>Motor Vehicle Manufacturers.</ENT> </ROW> <ROW> <ENT I="01">Industry</ENT> <ENT>Commercial Importers of Vehicles and Vehicle Components.</ENT> </ROW> <ROW> <ENT I="01">Industry</ENT> <ENT>Alternative Fuel Vehicle Converters.</ENT> </ROW> <ROW> <ENT I="01">Industry</ENT> <ENT>On-highway medium-duty engine & vehicle (8,501-14,000 pounds GVWR) manufacturers.</ENT> </ROW> <TNOTE> <SU>a</SU>  North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). </TNOTE> </GPOTABLE> This list is not intended to be exhaustive, but rather provides a guide regarding entities likely to be affected by this action. To determine whether particular activities may be regulated by this action, you should carefully examine the regulations. You may direct questions regarding the applicability of this action to the person listed in <E T="02">FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT.</E> <HD SOURCE="HD1">B. Did EPA conduct a peer review before issuing this action?</HD> This regulatory action was supported by influential scientific information. EPA therefore conducted peer review in accordance with OMB's Final Information Quality Bulletin for Peer Review. Specifically, we conducted peer review on six analyses: (1) Optimization Model for reducing Emissions of Greenhouse gases from Automobiles (OMEGA 2.0), (2) Advanced Light-duty Powertrain and Hybrid Analysis (ALPHA3), (3) Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES), (4) The Effects of New-Vehicle Price Changes on New- and Used-Vehicle Markets and Scrappage; (5) Literature Review on U.S. Consumer Acceptance of New Personally Owned Light-Duty Plug-in Electric Vehicles; (6) Cost and Technology Evaluation, Conventional Powertrain Vehicle Compared to an Electrified Powertrain Vehicle, Same Vehicle Class and OEM. All peer reviews were in the form of letter reviews conducted by a contractor. The peer review reports for each analysis are in the docket for this action and at EPA's Science Inventory ( <E T="03">https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/</E> ). <HD SOURCE="HD1">Table of Contents</HD> <EXTRACT> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">I. Executive Summary</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP1-2">A. Purpose of This Rule and Legal Authority</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP1-2">B. Summary of Light- and Medium-Duty Vehicle Emissions Programs</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP1-2">C. Summary of Emission Reductions, Costs, and Benefits</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">II. Public Health and Welfare Need for Emission Reductions</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP1-2">A. Climate Change From GHG Emissions</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP1-2">B. Background on Criteria and Air Toxics Pollutants Impacted by This Rule</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP1-2"> C. Health Effects Associated With Exposure to Criteria and Air Toxics Pollutants </FP> <FP SOURCE="FP1-2">D. Welfare Effects Associated With Exposure to Criteria and Air Toxics Pollutants Impacted by the Final Standards</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">III. Light- and Medium-Duty Vehicle Standards for Model Years 2027 and Later</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP1-2">A. Introduction and Background</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP1-2">B. EPA's Statutory Authority Under the Clean Air Act (CAA)</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP1-2">C. GHG Standards for Model Years 2027 and Later</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP1-2">D. Criteria Pollutant Emissions Standards</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP1-2">E. Modifications to the Medium-Duty Passenger Vehicle (MDPV) Definition</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP1-2">F. What alternatives did EPA consider?</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP1-2">G. Certification, Compliance, and Enforcement Provisions</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP1-2">H. On-Board Diagnostics Program Updates</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP1-2">I. Coordination with Federal and State Partners</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP1-2">J. Stakeholder Engagement</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">IV. Technical Assessment of the Standards</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP1-2">A. What approach did EPA use in analyzing the standards?</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP1-2">B. EPA's Approach to Considering the No Action Case and Sensitivities</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP1-2">C. How did EPA consider technology feasibility and related issues?</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP1-2">D. Projected Compliance Costs and Technology Penetrations</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP1-2">E. How did EPA consider alternatives in selecting the final program?</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP1-2">F. Sensitivities—LD GHG Compliance Modeling</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP1-2">G. Sensitivities—MD GHG Compliance Modeling</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP1-2">H. Additional Illustrative Scenarios</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">V. EPA's Basis That the Final Standards are Feasible and Appropriate Under the Clean Air Act</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP1-2">A. Overview</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP1-2">B. Consideration of Technological Feasibility, Compliance Costs and Lead Time</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP1-2">C. Consideration of Emissions of GHGs and Criteria Pollutants</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP1-2">D. Consideration of Impacts on Consumers, Energy, Safety and Other Factors</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP1-2">E. Selection of the Final Standards Under CAA Section 202(a)</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">VI. How will this rule reduce GHG emissions and their associated effects?</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP1-2">A. Estimating Emission Inventories in OMEGA</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP1-2">B. Impact on GHG Emissions</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP1-2">C. Global Climate Impacts Associated With the Rule's GHG Emissions Reductions</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">VII. How will the rule impact criteria and air toxics emissions and their associated effects?</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP1-2">A. Impact on Emissions of Criteria and Air Toxics Pollutants</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP1-2">B. How will the rule affect air quality?</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP1-2">C. How will the rule affect human health?</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP1-2">D. Demographic Analysis of Air Quality</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">VIII. Estimated Costs and Benefits and Associated Considerations</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP1-2">A. Summary of Costs and Benefits</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP1-2">B. Vehicle Technology and Other Costs</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP1-2">C. Fueling Impacts</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP1-2">D. Non-Emission Benefits</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP1-2">E. Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Benefits</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP1-2">F. Criteria Pollutant Health and Environmental Benefits</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP1-2">G. Transfers</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP1-2">H. U.S. Vehicle Sales Impacts</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP1-2">I. Employment Impacts</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ Preview showing 10k of 2570k characters. Full document text is stored and available for version comparison. ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━