California State Nonroad Engine Pollution Control Standards; Small Off-Road Engines Regulations; Notice of Decision

<NOTICE> ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY <DEPDOC>[EPA-HQ-OAR-2023-0151; FRL-10890-02-OAR]</DEPDOC> <SUBJECT>California State Nonroad Engine Pollution Control Standards; Small Off-Road Engines Regulations; Notice of Decision</SUBJECT> <HD SOURCE="HED">AGENCY:</HD> Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). <HD SOURCE="HED">ACTION:</HD> Notice of decision. <SUM> <HD SOURCE="HED">SUMMARY:</HD> The Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) is providing notice of its decision granting the California Air Resources Board's (“CARB's”) request for an authorization of amendments to its small off-road engine (“SORE”) regulations. CARB's amendments covered by this authorization include those adopted by CARB in 2016 and 2021. EPA's decision was issued under the authority of section 209 of the Clean Air Act (“CAA” or “Act”). </SUM> <DATES> <HD SOURCE="HED">DATES:</HD> Petitions for review must be filed by March 7, 2025. </DATES> <HD SOURCE="HED">ADDRESSES:</HD> EPA has established a docket for this action under Docket ID EPA-HQ-OAR-2023-0151. All documents relied upon in making this decision, including those submitted to EPA by CARB, are contained in the public docket. Publicly available docket materials are available either electronically through <E T="03">www.regulations.gov</E> or in hard copy at the EPA Docket Center, WJC West Building, Room 3334, 1301 Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20004. The Docket Center's hours of operation are 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m.; generally, it is open Monday through Friday, except Federal holidays. The electronic mail (email) address for the EPA Docket is: <E T="03">a-and-r-Docket@epa.gov.</E> An electronic version of the public docket is available through the Federal government's electronic public docket and comment system. You may access EPA dockets at <E T="03">http://www.regulations.gov.</E> After opening the <E T="03">www.regulations.gov</E> website, enter EPA-HQ-OAR-2023-0151 in the “Enter Keyword or ID” fill-in box to view documents in the record. Although a part of the official docket, the public docket does not include Confidential Business Information (“CBI”) or other information whose disclosure is restricted by statute. EPA's Office of Transportation and Air Quality (“OTAQ”) maintains a web page that contains general information on its review of California waiver and authorization requests. Included on that page are links to prior waiver <E T="04">Federal Register</E> notices, some of which are cited in this notice; the page can be accessed at: <E T="03">https://www.epa.gov/state-and-local-transportation/vehicle-emissions-california-waivers-and-authorizations.</E> <FURINF> <HD SOURCE="HED">FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:</HD> Michael Olechiw, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2000 Traverwood Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105. Telephone: 734-214-4297. Email: <E T="03">California-Waivers-and-Authorizations@epa.gov.</E> </FURINF> <SUPLINF> <HD SOURCE="HED">SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:</HD> On May 23, 2023, EPA published a <E T="04">Federal Register</E> notice announcing its receipt of CARB's authorization request. In that notice, EPA invited public comment on California's authorization request and an opportunity to present testimony at a public hearing. <SU>1</SU> <FTREF/> EPA held a public hearing on June 27, 2023, and the written comment period closed on July 28, 2023. <SU>2</SU> <FTREF/> EPA has considered all comments submitted to the public docket on this matter. <FTNT> <SU>1</SU>  88 FR 33143 (May 23, 2023). </FTNT> <FTNT> <SU>2</SU>  A transcript of the public hearing is located at EPA-HQ-OAR-2023-0151-0007 and all written comments are also located at <E T="03">regulations.gov</E> at EPA-HQ-OAR-2023-0151. </FTNT> On December 19, 2024, I signed a Decision Document granting California an authorization pursuant to section 209(e)(2)(A) of the CAA, as amended, 42 U.S.C. 7543(e)(2)(A), for CARB's 2016 and 2021 amendments to CARB's SORE regulations (the “2016 SORE Amendments” and “2021 SORE Amendments” respectively). <SU>3</SU> <FTREF/> The 2016 SORE Amendments incorporate improvements to evaporative emissions certification procedures, revise the compliance testing procedure, update the evaporative emissions certification test fuel to represent commercially available gasoline, and align aspects of the SORE requirements with the corresponding federal requirements, while retaining elements of the evaporative emission standards previously adopted by CARB. The 2021 SORE Amendments primarily establish exhaust and evaporative emission standards and associated test procedures for 2024 and subsequent model year engines and equipment. The 2021 SORE Amendments establish SORE emission standards in two phases. First, the exhaust emission standards for most 2024 and subsequent model year (“MY”) SORE are zero (0.00 grams per kilowatt-hour) for hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen. The evaporative emission standards for most 2024 and subsequent MY SORE are zero (0.00 grams per test). The above-mentioned emission standards apply for all categories of SORE except pressure washer engines with displacements greater than or equal to 225 cubic centimeters (cc) and portable generator engines. The emission standards for these latter categories of engines are amended and start in MY 2024; they are not zero but are numerically lower (more stringent) than the pre-MY 2024 CARB emission standards. The second phase of the emissions standards will be implemented beginning in MY 2028, when the exhaust and evaporative emission standards for engines used in pressure washers with displacements greater than or equal to 225 cc and portable generators will be aligned with the zero emission standards for other categories of SORE. A comprehensive description of California's SORE amendments can be found in the Decision Document for this authorization and in materials submitted to the Docket by CARB. <SU>4</SU> <FTREF/> <FTNT> <SU>3</SU>  EPA's Decision Document can be found at EPA-HQ-OAR-2023-0151. EPA's authorization decision includes the entire 2016 amendment and 2021 amendment regulatory text that can be found in CARB's December 20, 2022, authorization request (the SORE Authorization Support Document) found at EPA-HQ-OAR-2023-0151-0003. (CARB's entire authorization submission to EPA is found at EPA-HQ-OAR-2023-0151). The specific regulatory provisions under EPA's authorization consideration and included in this decision can be found at footnotes 1 and 2 to the SORE Authorization Support Document. </FTNT> <FTNT> <SU>4</SU>  The Decision Document can be found at EPA-HQ-OAR-2023-0151. </FTNT> CAA section 209(e)(1) permanently preempts any state, or political subdivision thereof, from adopting or attempting to enforce any standard or other requirement relating to the control of emissions for certain new nonroad engines or vehicles. <SU>5</SU> <FTREF/> For all other nonroad engines (including “non-new” engines), states generally are preempted from adopting and enforcing standards and other requirements relating to the control of emissions, except that CAA section 209(e)(2)(A) requires EPA, after notice and opportunity for public hearing, to authorize California to adopt and enforce such regulations unless EPA makes one of three enumerated findings. Specifically, EPA must deny the authorization if the Administrator finds that (1) California's protectiveness determination ( <E T="03">i.e.,</E> that California standards will be, in the aggregate, as protective of public health and welfare as applicable federal standards) is arbitrary and capricious, (2) California does not need such standards to meet compelling and extraordinary conditions, or (3) the California standards and accompanying enforcement procedures are not consistent with section 209 of the Act. <FTNT> <SU>5</SU>  States are expressly preempted from adopting or attempting to enforce any standard or other requirement relating to the control of emissions from new nonroad engines which are used in construction equipment or vehicles or used in farm equipment or vehicles and which are smaller than 175 horsepower. Such express preemption under CAA section 209(e)(1) also applies to new locomotives or new engines used in locomotives. </FTNT> On July 20, 1994, EPA promulgated a rule (the 1994 rule) interpreting the three criteria set forth in CAA section 209(e)(2)(A) that EPA must consider before granting any California authorization request for nonroad engine or vehicle emission standards. <SU>6</SU> <FTREF/> EPA revised these regulations in 1997. <SU>7</SU> <FTREF/> As stated in the preamble to the 1994 rule, EPA has interpreted the consistency inquiry under the third criterion, outlined above and set forth in section 209(e)(2)(A)(iii), to require, at minimum, that California standards and enforcement procedures be consistent with section 209(a), section 209(e)(1), and section 209(b)(1)(C) of the Act. <SU>8</SU> <FTREF/> In order to be consistent with section 209(a), California's nonroad standards and enforcement procedures must not apply to new motor vehicles or new motor vehicle engines. To be consistent with section 209(e)(1), California's nonroad standards and enforcement procedures must not attempt to regulate engine categories that are permanently preempted from state regulation. To determine consistency with section 209(b)(1)(C), EPA typically reviews nonroad authorization requests under the same “consistency” criteria that are applied to motor vehicle waiver requests under CAA section 209(b)(1)(C). That section provides that the Administrator shall not grant California a motor vehicle waiver if the Administrator finds that California “standards and accompanying enforcement procedures are not consistent with section 202(a)” of the Act. <FTNT> <SU>6</ ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ Preview showing 10k of 13k characters. Full document text is stored and available for version comparison. ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━